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BA Silver Study Guide: Comprehension Questions
What are some of the main issues in Silver? Please add your answers. Your answer will include paraphrased or quoted information from the text, as well as your opinion when it is appropriate to the question. This will help you to reveal the meaning of the text, as well as the range of opinions that exist within the class as a whole. By working together, your class will create astudy guide for Silver that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT.
1/9 7.45 pm. Your work has now been checked and edited for accuracy and clarity. The great collective effort of the whole class should benefit each of you individually. This page is also available online on the DIY Textbook. Well done, Owen.
Silver Comprehension Questions (ELP Reader 2007)
Text Pages 1-3 From Science Fiction to Reality
Mayumi 1a. What was the public reaction to the birth of Dolly?
People were really surprised and interested in the fact because they thought it was impossible. Moreover, they learned to expect that a human being could be cloned some day. (Silver 219)
Susumu 1b. Does Silver think that the cloning used for animals can be applied to humans?
Some scientists said that it is difficult to make a human clone. However, the author thinks that it is possible because the equipment, facilities, and the personnel is already available. The necessary knowledge will be developed over time.
Text Pages 3-6 From Plants to Tadpoles, but not Mice
Chiyuki 2. What is the “critical defining characteristic” of a cloned individual?
→It means that the genes of a cloned individual are the same as the original cell or organism used to make the clone (Silver 221).
Masaaki 3. Why are animal cells more difficult to clone than plant cells?
→When people try to make plant clones, they can use any part of the original plant. However, if they try to clone animals, animal cells are much more restricted in terms of their development potential, therefore it is harder to make animal clones.
Kyoko 4. Why does Silver think Gurdon’s research failed?
→Because the equipment and technology he could use in those days were undeveloped.
Ikuma 5. Why did scientists think Gurdon’s research failed?
→Many scientists believed that Gurdon failed because of an almost religious belief that cloning was against the laws of nature.
Text Pages 6-10 Cloning Enters the Public Culture, From Sheep to People?
Tomoe 6. What is your reaction to the Toffler quotation on text page 6, lines 11-16?
→Because of today's advance of biotechnology, Toffler's words are becoming truth. However, clones cannot be the same person as the original, therefore I think we should treat clones as individuals.
Makiko 7. How did cloning enter public culture in the 1970’s and 80’s?
Answer: Many movies which deal with cloning technology such as “Sleeper”, “The boys from Brazil” and “In His Image: The Cloning of a Man” were screened, and the notion of cloning appeared again and again in television shows, as well as in science fiction novels in the 1970’s and 80’s.
Daisuke 8. What event in the 1990’s created even greater awareness of cloning?
Satomi 9. What was the public reaction to this research and why was it so strong?
The European Parliament opposed it because it was unethical, morally repugnant, contrary to respect for the person, and a grave violation of fundamental human rights which cannot under any circumstances be justified or accepted. (p.225-226)
Haruka 10. What evidence does Silver present that suggests that human cloning will be possible?
→The scientific fact that the early development of all mammalian embryos is very similar (p226, l15)
Masanori 11. What is a basic medical principle that needs to be considered before the use of cloning is approved for use with humans?
Eri 12. How did the media report the birth of Dolly in a negative way?
→Media reported that the birth of Dolly was in really against the laws of possibility: there were many other lambs which died or were born with genetic defects, Dolly was 1/277 tries.
Yoshiki 13. Some genetic problems in humans occur when extra copies of a gene are passed on, or when a child receives a mutant gene from both parents. Are these more likely to occur with cloning?
→It cannot be judged because there is little data about the problem. Silver, however, says 'No.' p. 227, line 32-
Mikiko 14. What further research is necessary to see if cloned animals are as healthy as other animals?
The research into whether cloning effects the health of experimental animals.
Text Pages 10-15 Cloning Misconceptions, The Brave New World Scenario
Riri 15. According to Silver, why are people frightened of cloning technology?
- A main reason is that many people misunderstood what cloning is.
***IMPORTANT QUESTION***
Tomohiro 16. How is life in “the general sense” different from life in “the special sense”?
The exists at the level of the cell. On the other hand, the latter is acheived after completing the first process, and includes the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of the individual.
Yuta 17. In Huxley’s Brave New World, how would clones be used for social stability?
Answer: According to Huxley, cloning makes it possible to create standard men and women from one single bokanovskified egg leading to a population that would be easier to control. (p. 230 line 26-28)
Yuki, Dai 18. Why does Silver think governments will not chose to clone people for:
Social stability:
Yuki: Only an extremely controlling totalitarian country can enslave women to be surrogate mothers for cloned babies. However, such countries are rare so it is highly improbable.
Dai: In order to use clones for social stability, it is necessary to enslave some of the women as substitute mothers for babies who are cloned. However, this scenario is highly improbable for many countries and extremely controling totalitarian states which are thought to be the only states that could achieve this goal are rare at the end of twentieth century.
Making soldiers:
Yuki: It is more efficient to get more powerful high-tech weapons of destruction.
Dai: Any government that has technology to clone could certainly get more fighting power by making high-tech weapons of destruction.
Making factory workers:
Yuki: This goal has already been achieved throughout many societies. Also, mind control is much more effective.
Dai: This has already been done throughout many societies and also mind control with drugs targeted at particular behaviors and emotions could be done much more effectively.
Producing people with great minds:
Yuki: It is not clear how a government would choose parents and how grow clones up into adults. Moreover, the wrong characteristics may be chosen for cloning and this would only be evident when it was already too late. Therefore, it is a better approach to simply build a better system of public education that raises bright children.
Dai: It is not clear how government choose parents of clones and what to do during the twenty years or so that is need for them to grow up to be adults. Moreover, it is better to make a superior system of public education that allows any bright child to rise to the top.
Saori 19. Even if a powerful group did clone the leader, why does Silver think that such children would not become leaders in the future?
A-It is because they may not grow up in the same environment or in the same ways, nor among the same people.
Text Pages 15-20 The Cloning of Children
Dai 20. What happened to Anissa and how did the parents choose to save her life?
Asuka 21. How could Anissa have been saved with cloning technology?
→Instead of making Anissa's sister naturally, her parents could use one of Anissa's cells to make her sister by cloning. In this way, Anissa's sister can provide new blood stem cells which would be 100% compatible with Anissa. It is because Anissa and her sister will have same genetic information.
Aiko 22. What was the reaction of some bioethicists to what Anissa’s parents did?
→They condemned what Anissa’s parents did from a moral point of view. Their purpose of having a child was to make a donor for Anissa and it was kind of regarding children as a 'medicine' for other people. It was not acceptable whatever reason the parents had. (Silver p.245)
Miku 23. What is Silver’s response to this reaction?
→He argues that many couples have babies without any forethought at all, but any married couple has the right to have babies and raise them for any reason. Although there is exceptions, parents give "absolute and unqualified love to the children they raise, no matter what reasons were or were not considered" (Silver 235).
24. What are two more examples of the use of cloning to have a family? Do you agree with these?
Mayumi a) The young couple who lost their twin babies have their biological children by cloning because the mother is not able to produce babies after she gave birth to the twin.(Silver 236-237)
I agree with the case if parents understand that their new babies are not same as their original babies.
Susumu b) The situation in which a single woman wants to have children who have a 100% connection with her in terms of genes.
No, I do not agree. Basically, I do not agree with human cloning because of safety concerns I have.
Text Pages 20-21 The Cloning of Adults
Chiyuki 25. How does Silver think a cloned child will feel when they grow up and discover that they are a clone?
→Although Silver indicates that some cloned children might not be correctly treated or there might be some child abuse, he clearly states that he doubts that a cloned child will feel bad when they find the fact of their birth or that they should face any abuse at all (Silver 237-238).
Masaaki, Asuka 26. What is your reaction to some of the questions Silver raises on text page 21, lines 6-32?
Masaaki: These questions are common and controversial. There was one it was possible to agree with, but also there was the one it was not possible to agree with. However we argue about these questions, there are some people who want to make clones. I think the author wants to remind us that people who want their clone will not vanish.
Asuka: I can understand their feelings. However, I think it is not pleasant to depend too much on cloning. Cloning will produce a baby which has same genetic information as his/her parent(s). Therefore, by abusing it, it will may narrow down the biodiversity of humans. In this sense, as Silver questioned, I think they are egomaniacs. People should define the limits of situations when they can use cloning before cloning is legally permitted.
Kyoko 27. How could cloning help infertile couples?
→It could help them to have children who are related to both of them biologically without using outsiders' genes.
Ikuma 28. Does Silver think fertile couples would want to clone a child? Do you agree?
→He does not think so because couples who have no problems to create their offsprings naturally want to produce a child as the ultimate expression of their love. It is quite natural for human beings, so I agree with him.
Tomoe 29. How could cloning help someone to become a single parent? Do you think this is a good idea?
→Single parent can make his/her clone for their child, but I don't agree with this idea because there are alot of children who lost parents, so instead of making a clone, I'd like to help those children.
Text Pages 21-27 Jennifer and Rachel, Is Cloning Wrong?
Makiko, Aiko 30. Read the story of Jennifer and Rachel. What effect would cloning have on our concepts of ‘parents’,‘children’ and ‘siblings’ etc.?
→The concept of relationship between family would be disturbed by cloning. In the case of Rachel and Jennifer, Rachel should be regarded as a child of Jennifer, but genetically they are twin sisters and Rachel's genetic parents are her grand parents.
Daisuke 31. Dr. Callahan argued that cloned children would lose the right to have their own identity. What is Silver’s response to this argument?
The right would not be lost because a cloned child is born like an identical twin and identical twins who are born the natural way, of course, have the right.
Satomi 32. Dr. Callahan argued that a cloned child would be harmed by the knowledge of future health problems. What is Silver’s response to this argument?
Haruka, Miku 33. What is your reaction to the questions raised by Silver on text page 24, lines 15-29?
Miku: I cannot see identical twins and cloned children in the same way.
There is a huge gap between whether they were born "naturally" or "on purpose". The biggest issue I always think is cloned people's identity. Personally I would not feel good if I was told that I was a clone. I would not be able to believe anything I think and feel, because I would be worried that someone else feels and thinks in the same way (although this would not be the case). Also, it would be difficult for me to find out why I was born. Even though my parents or doctor would tell me why I was cloned, I do not think I would feel comfortable with any reason. Maybe thinking in this way is wrong, and shows a stereotypical image of cloned human beings; however, the risk is too high to clone human beings, I think.
Haruka: Rachel can never feel that she is unique as we nomally do, I think. As Silver states, there is no right to have a unique identity by nature. However, identical twins and intentional clones are totally different in terms of the process of their births. The former is naturally born at the same time while the latter is intentionally and in an unnatural way. If I were told that I has grown from embryos which developed in a laboratory dish, I would consider myself as a copy and a toy of my mother and scientists, and also could never have confidence as an unique human being.
Masanori 34. What is a religious objection to cloning?
1/9 7.45 pm. Your work has now been checked and edited for accuracy and clarity. The great collective effort of the whole class should benefit each of you individually. This page is also available online on the DIY Textbook. Well done, Owen.
Silver Comprehension Questions (ELP Reader 2007)
Text Pages 1-3 From Science Fiction to Reality
Mayumi 1a. What was the public reaction to the birth of Dolly?
People were really surprised and interested in the fact because they thought it was impossible. Moreover, they learned to expect that a human being could be cloned some day. (Silver 219)
Susumu 1b. Does Silver think that the cloning used for animals can be applied to humans?
Some scientists said that it is difficult to make a human clone. However, the author thinks that it is possible because the equipment, facilities, and the personnel is already available. The necessary knowledge will be developed over time.
Text Pages 3-6 From Plants to Tadpoles, but not Mice
Chiyuki 2. What is the “critical defining characteristic” of a cloned individual?
→It means that the genes of a cloned individual are the same as the original cell or organism used to make the clone (Silver 221).
Masaaki 3. Why are animal cells more difficult to clone than plant cells?
→When people try to make plant clones, they can use any part of the original plant. However, if they try to clone animals, animal cells are much more restricted in terms of their development potential, therefore it is harder to make animal clones.
Kyoko 4. Why does Silver think Gurdon’s research failed?
→Because the equipment and technology he could use in those days were undeveloped.
Ikuma 5. Why did scientists think Gurdon’s research failed?
→Many scientists believed that Gurdon failed because of an almost religious belief that cloning was against the laws of nature.
Text Pages 6-10 Cloning Enters the Public Culture, From Sheep to People?
Tomoe 6. What is your reaction to the Toffler quotation on text page 6, lines 11-16?
→Because of today's advance of biotechnology, Toffler's words are becoming truth. However, clones cannot be the same person as the original, therefore I think we should treat clones as individuals.
Makiko 7. How did cloning enter public culture in the 1970’s and 80’s?
Answer: Many movies which deal with cloning technology such as “Sleeper”, “The boys from Brazil” and “In His Image: The Cloning of a Man” were screened, and the notion of cloning appeared again and again in television shows, as well as in science fiction novels in the 1970’s and 80’s.
Daisuke 8. What event in the 1990’s created even greater awareness of cloning?
Satomi 9. What was the public reaction to this research and why was it so strong?
The European Parliament opposed it because it was unethical, morally repugnant, contrary to respect for the person, and a grave violation of fundamental human rights which cannot under any circumstances be justified or accepted. (p.225-226)
Haruka 10. What evidence does Silver present that suggests that human cloning will be possible?
→The scientific fact that the early development of all mammalian embryos is very similar (p226, l15)
Masanori 11. What is a basic medical principle that needs to be considered before the use of cloning is approved for use with humans?
→People should consider the basic medical principle that doctors should not use any procedure on people when they know the danger of harm is much more than the benefit that might be achieved.
Eri 12. How did the media report the birth of Dolly in a negative way?
→Media reported that the birth of Dolly was in really against the laws of possibility: there were many other lambs which died or were born with genetic defects, Dolly was 1/277 tries.
Yoshiki 13. Some genetic problems in humans occur when extra copies of a gene are passed on, or when a child receives a mutant gene from both parents. Are these more likely to occur with cloning?
→It cannot be judged because there is little data about the problem. Silver, however, says 'No.' p. 227, line 32-
Mikiko 14. What further research is necessary to see if cloned animals are as healthy as other animals?
The research into whether cloning effects the health of experimental animals.
Text Pages 10-15 Cloning Misconceptions, The Brave New World Scenario
Riri 15. According to Silver, why are people frightened of cloning technology?
- A main reason is that many people misunderstood what cloning is.
***IMPORTANT QUESTION***
Tomohiro 16. How is life in “the general sense” different from life in “the special sense”?
The exists at the level of the cell. On the other hand, the latter is acheived after completing the first process, and includes the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of the individual.
Yuta 17. In Huxley’s Brave New World, how would clones be used for social stability?
Answer: According to Huxley, cloning makes it possible to create standard men and women from one single bokanovskified egg leading to a population that would be easier to control. (p. 230 line 26-28)
Yuki, Dai 18. Why does Silver think governments will not chose to clone people for:
Social stability:
Yuki: Only an extremely controlling totalitarian country can enslave women to be surrogate mothers for cloned babies. However, such countries are rare so it is highly improbable.
Dai: In order to use clones for social stability, it is necessary to enslave some of the women as substitute mothers for babies who are cloned. However, this scenario is highly improbable for many countries and extremely controling totalitarian states which are thought to be the only states that could achieve this goal are rare at the end of twentieth century.
Making soldiers:
Yuki: It is more efficient to get more powerful high-tech weapons of destruction.
Dai: Any government that has technology to clone could certainly get more fighting power by making high-tech weapons of destruction.
Making factory workers:
Yuki: This goal has already been achieved throughout many societies. Also, mind control is much more effective.
Dai: This has already been done throughout many societies and also mind control with drugs targeted at particular behaviors and emotions could be done much more effectively.
Producing people with great minds:
Yuki: It is not clear how a government would choose parents and how grow clones up into adults. Moreover, the wrong characteristics may be chosen for cloning and this would only be evident when it was already too late. Therefore, it is a better approach to simply build a better system of public education that raises bright children.
Dai: It is not clear how government choose parents of clones and what to do during the twenty years or so that is need for them to grow up to be adults. Moreover, it is better to make a superior system of public education that allows any bright child to rise to the top.
Saori 19. Even if a powerful group did clone the leader, why does Silver think that such children would not become leaders in the future?
A-It is because they may not grow up in the same environment or in the same ways, nor among the same people.
Text Pages 15-20 The Cloning of Children
Dai 20. What happened to Anissa and how did the parents choose to save her life?
Asuka 21. How could Anissa have been saved with cloning technology?
→Instead of making Anissa's sister naturally, her parents could use one of Anissa's cells to make her sister by cloning. In this way, Anissa's sister can provide new blood stem cells which would be 100% compatible with Anissa. It is because Anissa and her sister will have same genetic information.
Aiko 22. What was the reaction of some bioethicists to what Anissa’s parents did?
→They condemned what Anissa’s parents did from a moral point of view. Their purpose of having a child was to make a donor for Anissa and it was kind of regarding children as a 'medicine' for other people. It was not acceptable whatever reason the parents had. (Silver p.245)
Miku 23. What is Silver’s response to this reaction?
→He argues that many couples have babies without any forethought at all, but any married couple has the right to have babies and raise them for any reason. Although there is exceptions, parents give "absolute and unqualified love to the children they raise, no matter what reasons were or were not considered" (Silver 235).
24. What are two more examples of the use of cloning to have a family? Do you agree with these?
Mayumi a) The young couple who lost their twin babies have their biological children by cloning because the mother is not able to produce babies after she gave birth to the twin.(Silver 236-237)
I agree with the case if parents understand that their new babies are not same as their original babies.
Susumu b) The situation in which a single woman wants to have children who have a 100% connection with her in terms of genes.
No, I do not agree. Basically, I do not agree with human cloning because of safety concerns I have.
Text Pages 20-21 The Cloning of Adults
Chiyuki 25. How does Silver think a cloned child will feel when they grow up and discover that they are a clone?
→Although Silver indicates that some cloned children might not be correctly treated or there might be some child abuse, he clearly states that he doubts that a cloned child will feel bad when they find the fact of their birth or that they should face any abuse at all (Silver 237-238).
Masaaki, Asuka 26. What is your reaction to some of the questions Silver raises on text page 21, lines 6-32?
Masaaki: These questions are common and controversial. There was one it was possible to agree with, but also there was the one it was not possible to agree with. However we argue about these questions, there are some people who want to make clones. I think the author wants to remind us that people who want their clone will not vanish.
Asuka: I can understand their feelings. However, I think it is not pleasant to depend too much on cloning. Cloning will produce a baby which has same genetic information as his/her parent(s). Therefore, by abusing it, it will may narrow down the biodiversity of humans. In this sense, as Silver questioned, I think they are egomaniacs. People should define the limits of situations when they can use cloning before cloning is legally permitted.
Kyoko 27. How could cloning help infertile couples?
→It could help them to have children who are related to both of them biologically without using outsiders' genes.
Ikuma 28. Does Silver think fertile couples would want to clone a child? Do you agree?
→He does not think so because couples who have no problems to create their offsprings naturally want to produce a child as the ultimate expression of their love. It is quite natural for human beings, so I agree with him.
Tomoe 29. How could cloning help someone to become a single parent? Do you think this is a good idea?
→Single parent can make his/her clone for their child, but I don't agree with this idea because there are alot of children who lost parents, so instead of making a clone, I'd like to help those children.
Text Pages 21-27 Jennifer and Rachel, Is Cloning Wrong?
Makiko, Aiko 30. Read the story of Jennifer and Rachel. What effect would cloning have on our concepts of ‘parents’,‘children’ and ‘siblings’ etc.?
→The concept of relationship between family would be disturbed by cloning. In the case of Rachel and Jennifer, Rachel should be regarded as a child of Jennifer, but genetically they are twin sisters and Rachel's genetic parents are her grand parents.
Daisuke 31. Dr. Callahan argued that cloned children would lose the right to have their own identity. What is Silver’s response to this argument?
The right would not be lost because a cloned child is born like an identical twin and identical twins who are born the natural way, of course, have the right.
Satomi 32. Dr. Callahan argued that a cloned child would be harmed by the knowledge of future health problems. What is Silver’s response to this argument?
Haruka, Miku 33. What is your reaction to the questions raised by Silver on text page 24, lines 15-29?
Miku: I cannot see identical twins and cloned children in the same way.
There is a huge gap between whether they were born "naturally" or "on purpose". The biggest issue I always think is cloned people's identity. Personally I would not feel good if I was told that I was a clone. I would not be able to believe anything I think and feel, because I would be worried that someone else feels and thinks in the same way (although this would not be the case). Also, it would be difficult for me to find out why I was born. Even though my parents or doctor would tell me why I was cloned, I do not think I would feel comfortable with any reason. Maybe thinking in this way is wrong, and shows a stereotypical image of cloned human beings; however, the risk is too high to clone human beings, I think.
Haruka: Rachel can never feel that she is unique as we nomally do, I think. As Silver states, there is no right to have a unique identity by nature. However, identical twins and intentional clones are totally different in terms of the process of their births. The former is naturally born at the same time while the latter is intentionally and in an unnatural way. If I were told that I has grown from embryos which developed in a laboratory dish, I would consider myself as a copy and a toy of my mother and scientists, and also could never have confidence as an unique human being.
Masanori 34. What is a religious objection to cloning?
→A religious objection is that cloning is against God who creates human nature, thus cloned human should not belong to our world.
Eri 35. What are the arguments that cloning will harm society?
→The argument is that cloning is bad and it harms society because it restricts human progress which needs the interplay of diverse genes.
Yoshiki 36. How does Silver counter this argument?
→Silver claims that it is wrong on practical and theoretical grounds. On practical grounds, human cloning would not restrict evolution because it would produce a few percent of all children. In addition, humankind's progress does not deal with unfettered evolution, evolution is unpredictable and not necessarily always upward.
Text Pages 27-33 Surreptitious Cloning, Where Will Cloning Lead Us?
Mikiko 37. How would people’s right to choose to reproduce be threatened by cloning?
If cloning of humans became available, one's genetic information could be used without us knowing it. Anyone could get our genetic materials from us.
Riri 38. Does Silver think people will try to clone famous people, or people in general without their consent?
- No, he doesn't. Most people are hoping to have their own child and not, someone else's. A clone of someone famous won't always grow up to perform to the same ability. And people will do it with consent in the same way that sperm and egg donors are chosen today.
Tomohiro 39. How could cloning help people through tissue regeneration?
As seen in the ES cells, it can make any tissues of human and be transported to the part where it is needed instead of the real one.
Yuta 40. What is genetic engineering?
Answer: It is the process by which scientists alter or add specific genes to the genetic material present in the embryo so that an individual could be born with characteristics that he or she would not have had otherwise. (p.250 line14-16)
Yuki 41. Why has genetic engineering not been applied to humans?
Because it is incredibly inefficient. The success rate is low and this is accompanied by a 5 percent risk of mutations. Also it is ethically unacceptable to choose the one healthy cell among a litter or flock.
Saori 42. Cloning could help genetic engineering be applied to humans. Do you agree that genetic engineering should be used in humans?
Eri 35. What are the arguments that cloning will harm society?
→The argument is that cloning is bad and it harms society because it restricts human progress which needs the interplay of diverse genes.
Yoshiki 36. How does Silver counter this argument?
→Silver claims that it is wrong on practical and theoretical grounds. On practical grounds, human cloning would not restrict evolution because it would produce a few percent of all children. In addition, humankind's progress does not deal with unfettered evolution, evolution is unpredictable and not necessarily always upward.
Text Pages 27-33 Surreptitious Cloning, Where Will Cloning Lead Us?
Mikiko 37. How would people’s right to choose to reproduce be threatened by cloning?
If cloning of humans became available, one's genetic information could be used without us knowing it. Anyone could get our genetic materials from us.
Riri 38. Does Silver think people will try to clone famous people, or people in general without their consent?
- No, he doesn't. Most people are hoping to have their own child and not, someone else's. A clone of someone famous won't always grow up to perform to the same ability. And people will do it with consent in the same way that sperm and egg donors are chosen today.
Tomohiro 39. How could cloning help people through tissue regeneration?
As seen in the ES cells, it can make any tissues of human and be transported to the part where it is needed instead of the real one.
Yuta 40. What is genetic engineering?
Answer: It is the process by which scientists alter or add specific genes to the genetic material present in the embryo so that an individual could be born with characteristics that he or she would not have had otherwise. (p.250 line14-16)
Yuki 41. Why has genetic engineering not been applied to humans?
Because it is incredibly inefficient. The success rate is low and this is accompanied by a 5 percent risk of mutations. Also it is ethically unacceptable to choose the one healthy cell among a litter or flock.
Saori 42. Cloning could help genetic engineering be applied to humans. Do you agree that genetic engineering should be used in humans?
A-I don't agree with the idea because if cloning was applied to human beings, almost everyone would have the same knowledge or skills, and that's not interesting, and also they have no individuality - Silver explains that this is a common misconception, rather than the reality and uses the terms life in the general sense and life in the special sense, to explain that cloning can only create a life at the level of the cell, not life in terms of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of individuals (Owen).
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